Differences between revisions 19 and 21 (spanning 2 versions)

Overview

A set of phase modulation sidebands are imposed to the main laser beam for control of the mode cleaner cavity and the main interferometer. The frequency of the sidebands are determined from the signal extraction and control scheme: 11MHz, 23.5MHz, and 55MHz.
We are investigating a multiply resonant circuit to be attached to EOM in order to create those three pairs of sidebands with a single crystal.
(What is motivation? Why single crystal? Why three eoms are not enough? Why triple electrode EOM is not enough?)
The feasibility and the basic ideas of the triple resonant circuit was investigated by Stephanie Erickson, a 40m SURF student in 2009 Summer. Link to Stephanie's descriptions (What did she demonstrated?)

Steps for Development

studying the principle of LC circuit + transformer
investigation of loss effect in LC circuit
make a test circuit (single resonant) with highest impedance ( - Dec.20)
make a new transformer for matching the impedance of the test circuit ( - Dec. 25)
performance test by using optical spectrum analyzer ( - Dec. 31)
study of triple resonant circuit (- Jan.5)
investigation of loss effect in the multi-resonant circuit ( - Jan.12)
make a prototype circuit with highest impedance ( - Jan.13)
make a new transformer for prototype ( - Jan. 20)
performance test of prototype by optical analyzer ( - Jan. 25)
final design and ordering (- Jan.31)
performance test with ordered circuit
installation

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1. Conceptual idea

The goal of this development is to make a triple-resonant circuit that operates an EOM. And we should make a high gain circuit to achieve sufficient amount of modulation depth. The conceptual design has been already investigated by Stephanie, a SURF student in 2009.
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2. Fundamentals

2.1 Transformer

The reason why we use a transformer are mainly follower;
- handling high voltage,
- step up the voltage and
- impedance matching.

2.1.1 handling high voltage

Our EOM has the modulation efficiency of ~13mrad/V and the desired modulation depth is typically 0.1-1rad. Therefore the voltage inputted onto the EOM will reach 10-100V. In such high voltage regime the ordinary op-amplifiers are no longer works because those output voltage are limited to around +/- 15V which corresponds to the source voltage of the amplifiers. In contrast transformers are even available in such high voltage regime because the they works passively.

2.1.2 step-up gain and impedance matching

For the transformer alone, the step-up gain is equal to its turn ratio n. Therefore in order to make a high gain circuit with a transformer, big number of n is simply required. However there is a limitation for the maximum turn ratio n_max because of the impedance matching issue.
The principle of impedance matching with transformer is explained as follower. At first consider the simple case, a transformer with load impedance Z_L. The figure below shows the equivalent circuit of transformer. For those reasons, the higher Z_L gets the higher gain increase.

2.2 resonance with LC

Let's begin with one of the simplest resonant circuit. The circuit has a L and C in parallel. Inductance L has a angle of 90 deg from real axis, and capacitor C has a angle of -90 deg from real axis in terms of impedance. In addition their amplitude in real-imaginary plane grow up along with frequency. The total impedance is expressed as; Z=1jL*omega +
The circuit resonates when the angular frequency is [ , where the denominator gets to completely zero. An interesting thing will be found if you look at the impedance in frequency-impedance domain (like a bode plot). There are two solid line, one with f¹ dependence represents impedance of L, the other solid line with 'f'^-1 represents that of C. Then the resonance occurred where those two lines are crossing. This phenomenon physically indicates a [. According to equation above, the resonant impedance goes to infinity thanks to have a pure imaginary number. However if impedance of L and C have an extra real part, the cancellation does not complete and eventually the resonant impedance is no longer infinite.

2.3 Loss

In the ideal case, where no losses, we can get an infinite impedance. But in the real circuit the impedance must be limited. The one of the component which makes impedance lower is losses. Thus we have to think about the effect of loss toward the impedance. Begin with simple model shown in fig.2 The circuit is parallel LC resonant circuit and it has an DC resistance each in serial to L and C.

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3. Study of Single resonant circuit

In order to understand how the circuit works and how losses affects, we started with a single resonant circuit. The circuit is composed by L, C and transformer in parallel.

3.1 resonant impedance

According to our measurement....

3.2 loss effect

The loss effect has been directly observed via the impedance measurement.

3.3 design single-resonant circuit

Based on the result described above, the single-resonant circuit is designed.

3.4 optical test

So far we only think about electrical aspect, here the optical aspect is considered. The motivation of optical test is

3.5 conclusion

Through whole measurement there are some suggestion for designing better circuit.

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4. multiply resonant circuit

4.1 what's difference from single-resonance ?

Here we consider the difference between multi-resonant and single-resonant. This

4.2 design

The requirements for the multiply-resonant circuit are follower;

4.3 performance test

Here we will report the resultant performance of the circuit both in electrical and optical test.
As we expected....

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App. impedance measurement

In this chapter the technique for measuring the impedance by using Network Analyzer (Agilent AG4395A) is explained. The point is to reduce the reflective waves.

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 . The goal of this development is to make a triple-resonant circuit that operates an EOM. And we should make a high gain circuit to achieve sufficient amount of modulation depth. The conceptual design has been already investigated by Stephanie, a SURF student in 2009.
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 . The goal of this development is to make a triple-resonant circuit that operates an EOM. And we should make a high gain circuit to achieve sufficient amount of modulation depth. The conceptual design has been investigated by Stephanie.

<<ImageLink(whole_circuit.png, conceptual design,height=300)>>

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- . In this chapter the fundamentals of resonant circuit are explained.
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-  . {o} handling high voltage, {o} step up the voltage and {o} impedance matching.
+  . {o} handling high voltage,
  . {o} step up the voltage and
  . {o} impedance matching.
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- . Our EOM has the modulation efficiency of ~13mrad/V and the desired modulation depth is typically 0.1-1rad. Therefore the voltage inputted to the EOM will reach 10-100V. In such high voltage regime the ordinary op-amplifiers are no longer works because those output voltage are limited to about +/- 15V which corresponds to the source voltage of the amplifiers. In contrast transformers are even available in such high voltage regime because the they works passively.
+ . Our EOM has the modulation efficiency of ~13mrad/V and the desired modulation depth is typically 0.1-1rad. Therefore the voltage inputted onto the EOM will reach 10-100V. In such high voltage regime the ordinary op-amplifiers are no longer works because those output voltage are limited to around +/- 15V which corresponds to the source voltage of the amplifiers. In contrast transformers are even available in such high voltage regime because the they works passively.
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+ . For the transformer alone, the step-up gain is equal to its turn ratio ''n''. Therefore in order to make a high gain circuit with a transformer, big number of ''n'' is simply required. However there is a limitation for the maximum turn ratio ''n'',,max,, because of the impedance matching issue.
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- . For the transformer the gain is equal to its turn ratio. Hereafter We denote the turn ratio as n. Therefore in order to make a high gain resonant circuit, big number of turn ratio is required.
 
 . However there is a limitation for the maximum turn ratio n,,max,,. This limit comes from the impedance matching issue. Now consider the simple case like figure.1, a transformer with load impedance Z,,L,,.
+ . The principle of impedance matching with transformer is explained as follower. At first consider the simple case, a transformer with load impedance ''Z'',,L,,. The figure below shows the equivalent circuit of transformer. For those reasons, the higher ''Z'',,L,, gets the higher gain increase.
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- . The figure shows the equivalent circuit of transformer.
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+ . Let's begin with one of the simplest resonant circuit. The circuit has a ''L'' and ''C'' in parallel. Inductance ''L'' has a angle of 90 deg from real axis, and capacitor ''C'' has a angle of -90 deg from real axis in terms of impedance. In addition their amplitude in real-imaginary plane grow up along with frequency. The total impedance is expressed as;
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- . Basically the circuit is composed by only L and C. Inductance L has a angle of 90 deg from real axis, and Capacitor C has a angle of -90 deg from real axis in terms of impedance. In addition their amplitude in real-imaginary plane grow up along with frequency.
+ Z=1jL*omega +

 . The circuit resonates when the angular frequency is [ , where the denominator gets to completely zero. An interesting thing will be found if you look at the impedance in frequency-impedance domain (like a bode plot). There are two solid line, one with ''f''^1^ dependence represents impedance of ''L'', the other solid line with 'f'^-1^ represents that of ''C''. Then the resonance occurred where those two lines are crossing. This phenomenon physically indicates a [. According to equation above, the resonant impedance goes to infinity thanks to have a pure imaginary number. However if impedance of ''L'' and ''C'' have an extra real part, the cancellation does not complete and eventually the resonant impedance is no longer infinite.
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+ . In the ideal case, where no losses, we can get an infinite impedance. But in the real circuit the impedance must be limited. The one of the component which makes impedance lower is losses. Thus we have to think about the effect of loss toward the impedance. Begin with simple model shown in fig.2 The circuit is parallel LC resonant circuit and it has an DC resistance each in serial to ''L'' and ''C''.
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- . In the ideal case, where no losses, we can get an infinite impedance. But in the real circuit 
the impedance must be limited. The one of the component which makes impedance lower is losses.




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